AFM SMILER: A Scale Model Interactive Learning Extended Reality Toolkit for Atomic Force Microscopy Created With Digital Twin Technology

The Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is a precision mechatronic system for nanoscale imaging of surfaces. Due to limited instrument access and lack of visualization techniques, understanding its principles can be challenging. Digital twin technology allows the creation of virtual representations of physical systems, which can be particularly useful to address challenges in AFM education. To realistically simulate nanoscale physics, we first developed new efficient algorithms for four virtual scale models, including cantilever mechanics, probe transducers, controller tuning, and contact mechanics. Second, three simulated experiment interactive learning modules are developed for instrument operation, including virtual imaging, system overview, and imaging modalities. In the end, three hardware systems are integrated for an extended reality experience, including a macroscopic AFM scale model, a haptic device for probe-sample interaction force feedback, and an upgraded low-cost educational AFM for nanoscale imaging and instrumentation. This completes the eight total modules for the AFM SMILER: A scale model interactive learning extended reality toolkit. Preliminary studies show the toolkit being helpful for AFM education. In addition to mechatronics and nanotechnology education, techniques developed in this work can be generally applied to computationally efficient realistic digital twin creation.