Comparison of Flexoelectric and Piezoelectric Distributed Sensing Signal of Toroidal Shell

In this study, the flexoelectric and piezoelectric distributed sensing signal of the toroidal shell is discussed. By considering the curvature radii and Lamé parameters of the toroidal shell, dynamic strains are derived based on the double-curvature shell. Flexoelectric and piezoelectric distributed sensing models of the toroidal shell are established. Based on the direct flexoelectric effect and direct piezoelectric effect, the flexoelectric/piezoelectric distributed sensing signal is evaluated respectively. The local neural sensing signal is discussed while the flexoelectric and piezoelectric sensor patches approach to infinitesimal. The neural sensing signal is made of different signal components, and the components effects are discussed to elaborate the difference between the flexoelectric and piezoelectric sensing signal. The results indicate that the membrane-induced signal components and bending-induced signal components both affect the piezoelectric sensing signal, while only the bending-induced signal components affect the flexoelectric sensing signal. To elaborate the significance of the components in different directions, signal induced by different strains in different directions are discussed. The signal induced by the meridional bending strain dominates for the flexoelectric sensing while signal induced by the meridional membrane strain is dominant for piezoelectric sensing.