State-of-Charge Estimation for Lead-Acid Battery Using Isolation Forest Algorithm and Long Short Term Memory Network With Attention Mechanism

State of charge (SOC) is the most direct embodiment of the state of a lead-acid battery, and accurate estimation of SOC is helpful to ensure the safe use of the battery. However, the traditional estimation model has low precision and weak anti-interference. In this study, a new SOC estimation structure is proposed. This structure is based on the effective combination of the Isolation Forest (IF) anomaly detection algorithm and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Network combined with Attention Mechanism (IF-LSTM-Attention). The Isolation Forest algorithm is used to effectively detect the missing values and outliers contained in the original data. Based on the actual charging and discharging data, a sliding window is constructed as the data of the model to give full play to the LSTM network length dependence. And LSTM network combined with Attention Mechanism achieves high-precision SOC estimation. In addition, the conventional dropout technique and Bayesian optimizer are used to improve the model training convergence rate. The results show that the IF-LSTM-Attention model proposed in this study has higher accuracy and better generalization ability than the conventional LSTM model and Back Propagation (BP) neural network model.