Alternatives to the Declining System Inertia in the Power System: A Review

Rotational inertia in a system is decreasing as the proportion of variable renewable energy (VRE) increases, posing a threat to system frequency stability and security. This paper systematically presents the typical frequency dynamics, concludes three distinct types of minimum inertia constraints, and illustrates the impact of implementing such constraints on a power system. In order to comply with the irresistible renewable energy development and low-carbon trend, various approaches from various sides of a power system to ensure the frequency stability of a low-inertia grid are also presented.