Feeling of Control for Virtual Object Manipulation in Handheld AR

One essential feature of handheld augmented reality (AR) is the ability to manipulate virtual objects employing different interaction techniques, such as touch-based, mid-air and tangible interactions. A critical factor for user experience evaluation of AR systems is users' feeling of control. However, little was known in literature about feeling of control for virtual object manipulation in handheld AR. This study explores users' feeling of control among three interaction techniques via self-report and task performance. The findings reveal that users perceived a stronger feeling of control when applying tangible interaction technique to manipulate virtual objects than other techniques in handheld AR.