Cascaded Controller for Electric Vehicle Utilization to Improve Frequency Regulation of Microgrid Considering Communication Delay

This study proposes an incorporated strategy based on energy storage technologies like aggregated electric vehicles (AEVs) with frequency regulation (FR) to enhance the frequency stabilization during high renewable sources (RSs) penetration. Furthermore, an innovative cascaded controller is used in the FR loop, and the considered AEVs in isolated multi-sources microgrid system. The proposed control structure is based on using two terms, the first term is the fractional order proportional-integral (FOPI), and the second cascaded term is a tilt derivative with filter (TDF) to form the cascaded (FOPI-TDF) controller. Furthermore, the gains of the proposed controller are well optimized utilizing skill optimization technique (SOT). The effectiveness of the proposed FOPI-TDF controller is validated by comparing its performance with PID, tilt-integral-derivative (TID) controllers. Additionally, the study investigates the impact AEVs in stabilizing the system frequency under randomly generated power from RSs and load perturbation.