Calculating the Maximum Penetration of Electric Vehicles in Distribution Networks with Renewable Energy and V2G

The uptake of electric vehicles and distributed energy generation is adding significant new demand to distribution networks, however it is unknown whether this can be accommodated by existing infrastructure. This paper first presents an optimisation approach for determining the maximum penetration of electric vehicles that can be accommodated within a distribution network in conjunction with renewable energy and battery storage. An alternative approach, utilising Network Impact Tokens is then introduced, simplifying the original Optimisation approach while providing accurate results. The electric vehicle hosting capacity of the network is then analysed with increasing penetration of solar generation, battery storage and the use of V2G, showing that distributed generation can increase the electric vehicle capacity by up to 38%.