Transactive Energy for EV Owners and Aggregators: Mechanism and Algorithms

The increasing penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) brings new flexibility in power grid operation. As EVs serve the main purpose of transportation, EV owners will charge their vehicles based on their driving patterns. Given the clustering charging behavior, uncontrolled charging can burden the distribution grid, increasing system operation costs. As a distributed energy resource (DER) with a highly mobile and distributed nature, aggregated EVs also have the capabilities to provide ancillary services to the power grid to alleviate voltage violations and/or regulate frequency. This paper proposes a new bilateral trading and auctioning mechanism between aggregators and EVs. In this environment, EVs and aggregators can trade energy and ancillary services in a decentralized manner. The proposed EV transactive energy methodology for auctioning and clearing is based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) optimization and blockchain technology. Simulation results for the proposed EV TRADing of Energy and Services (EV-TRADES) environment are provided using the NYISO market price data. Numerical results demonstrate the capability to coordinate EV charging and incentivize EVs to provide ancillary services.