Modeling of VSC-based BESS and PV Plants as Distributed Resources for Steady-State Studies

This paper addresses the modeling of VSC-based distributed energy resources such as battery energy storage systems (BESS) and photovoltaic (PV) power plants for steady-state power flow studies of electrical networks. These components are modeled in detail following their basic principles of operation for practical results. The modeling and solution framework is based on the well-known Newton-Raphson method. And so, the main hallmark of this formulation is that the most essential internal variables of the BESS and PV units are readily available upon convergence. This formulation is applied to a 33-bus electrical network including four PV plants and two BESS to analyze its steady-state performance over a 24-hr multi-period operation with varying conditions of both solar irradiance of PV plants and set point powers of BESS.