The Impact of Forced Working-From-Home on Code Technical Debt: An Industrial Case Study

Background: The COVID-19 outbreak interrupted regular activities for over a year in many countries and resulted in a radical change in ways of working for software development companies, i.e., most software development companies switched to a forced Working-From-Home (WFH) mode. Aim: Although several studies have analysed different aspects of forced WFH mode, it is unknown whether and to what extent WFH impacted the accumulation of technical debt (TD) when developers have different ways to coordinate and communicate with peers. Method: Using the year 2019 as a baseline, we carried out an industrial case study to analyse the evolution of TD in five components that are part of a large project while WFH. As part of the data collection, we carried out a focus group with developers to explain the different patterns observed from the quantitative data analysis. Results: TD accumulated at a slower pace during WFH as compared with the working-from-office period in four components out of five. These differences were found to be statistically significant. Through a focus group, we have identified different factors that might explain the changes in TD accumulation. One of these factors is responsibility diffusion which seems to explain why TD grows faster during the WFH period in one of the components. Conclusion: The results suggest that when the ways of working change, the change between working from office and working from home does not result in an increased accumulation of TD.