Optimization-based Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Electric Tramways

This paper presents a novel real-time optimization-based (RTOB) EMS with high-level and low-level controls for hybrid electric tramways (HETs). The RTOB methodology is constructed based on a modified extremum seeking (ES) for the HET powered by a proton membrane exchange fuel cell (PEMFC), battery, and supercapacitors (SCs). In this configuration, new equivalent state-of-charge and adaptive co-state are introduced the suggested strategy implementation. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, numerical simulations are carried out and compared between the suggested strategy with fuzzy-based EMS and equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) in stabilizing energy storage devices (ESDs) SOC.