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Xi Chen - IEEE Xplore Author Profile

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This article presents a 16-output high-voltage (HV) compliant stimulator ASIC for selective neural stimulation. The ASIC supports temporal interference stimulation (TIS) to achieve high-spatial selectivity without requiring nerve-penetrating electrodes. A novel on-the-fly active charge balancing (CB) is proposed since existing CB solutions cannot be directly applied to TIS. Simultaneous electrode-...Show More
We introduce a compact neural readout IC (ROIC) for high-resolution, large-scale $\mu \text{ECoG}$ arrays able to capture wideband brain-surface action potentials (APs). It efficiently records from 3072 electrodes via 96 time-multiplexed super-channels. The super-channels feature two-step incremental-SAR (I-SAR) conversion and area-power-efficient bulk-DACs (BDACs) to handle multiplexed inputs and...Show More
Intracortical brain-computer interfaces offer superior spatial and temporal resolutions, but face challenges as the increasing number of recording channels introduces high amounts of data to be transferred. This requires power-hungry data serialization and telemetry, leading to potential tissue damage risks. To address this challenge, this paper introduces an event-based neural compressive telemet...Show More
This paper presents a capacitor-less low-dropout voltage regulator (LDO) based on an NMOS pass transistor and a dual-loop regulation. The first capacitively-coupled loop responds to a fast change of load currents, whereas the second time-based loop provides a high-precision regulation without requiring an external clock. Our proposed LDO, implemented in a 55nm CMOS, achieves a 3ns response time an...Show More
Blindness affects millions of people around the world, being triggered by various defects within the human visual system. Different kinds of prostheses have been developed, which can stimulate the retina, the optical nerve or even the visual cortex, creating a basic form of vision. Here, we present a scalable ASIC and data-acquisition system that enables neural stimulation and recording in the vis...Show More
Probably the most distinct divide in electronic circuits is that between digital and linear (analog) circuits. Using vacuum tubes; later, transistors; and then ICs, circuits based on switching (binary and digital signals) and amplification (analog signals) have always been at the heart of electronic systems. Even though electronics are making our world more digital, the real world remains stubborn...Show More
As neural-recording devices get denser and generate more data [1], on-chip and online neural-signal processing becomes crucial to reduce the data-transmission power and enable real-time closed-loop applications with minimum latency. Spike sorting (SS) is an important data-reduction technique that allows the classification of extracellularly recorded spikes into clusters representing the neuron sou...Show More
The current demand for high-channel-count neural-recording interfaces calls for more area- and power-efficient readout architectures that do not compromise other electrical performances. In this article, we present a miniature 128-channel neural recording integrated circuit (NRIC) for the simultaneous acquisition of local field potentials (LFPs) and action potentials (APs), which can achieve a ver...Show More
The extremely low-power and small-area system requirements of nowadays biomedical and internet-of-thing (IoT) applications have increased the demand for always-on, ultra-small voltage reference (VR) generators. Such VRs must consume very low power, generate a stable voltage that is independent of process, supply voltage $(V_{DD})$ and temperature variations, and operate at low VDD. To overcome the...Show More
Fundamental neuroscience research and high-performance neuro-prostheses require large-scale brain interfaces with ever-greater spatial resolution across a large cortex coverage, which cannot be achieved with current passive (micro) electrocorticography (ECoG) technologies. In this article, we present an active micro-electrocorticography ( $\mu $ ECoG) implant system that circumvents these challeng...Show More
In this paper, we present a miniature 128-channel neural recording IC (NRIC) for the simultaneous acquisition of local field potentials (LFPs) and action potentials (APs). An AC-coupled 1st-order Δ-ΔΣ architecture is proposed to achieve rail-to-rail electrode DC offset rejection, low power and small area, while providing low noise and larger input range compared to other AC-coupled designs. This d...Show More
Electrocorticography (ECoG) recording is a non-penetrating electrophysiology technique that achieves a good balance between spatial resolution, brain coverage and invasiveness [1]. For this reason, it is widely used for the diagnosis of neural disorders and holds promise for prosthetic applications. Although ECoG electrodes have been until recently quite large (~4mm diameter), several studies have...Show More
An ultra-small-area, low-power analog front-end (AFE) for high-density neural recording is presented in this brief. It features an 11-bit incremental delta-sigma analog-to-digital converter ( $\Delta \Sigma $ ADC) enhanced with an offset-rejecting event-driven input biasing network. This network avoids saturation of the ADC input caused by leakage of the input-coupling capacitor implemented in an...Show More
With the technology advancement of wearable and implantable devices, the demand is increasing for low power computing circuits that allow processing of the acquired data on the edge to shorten the response time and save data bandwidth. Resistive-memory-based computing circuits have attracted broad interests due to their potential to implement low-power computing-in-memory macros and neuromorphic p...Show More
This paper presents a scalable neural recording analog front-end architecture enabling simultaneous acquisition of action potentials, local field potentials, electrode DC offsets and stimulation artifacts without saturation. By combining a DC-coupled $\Delta $ - $\Delta \Sigma $ architecture with new bootstrapping and chopping schemes, the proposed readout IC achieves an area of 0.0077 mm2 per c...Show More
This paper presents a scalable 16-channel neural recording chip enabling simultaneous acquisition of action-potentials (APs), local-field potentials (LFPs), electrode DC offsets (EDOs) and stimulation artifacts (SAs) without saturation. By combining a DC-coupled Δ-ΔΣ architecture with new bootstrapping and chopping schemes, the proposed readout IC achieves an area of 0.0077mm2 per channel, an inpu...Show More
We review recent progress in neural probes for brain recording, with a focus on the Neuropixels platform. Historically the number of neurons' recorded simultaneously, follows a Moore's law like behavior, with numbers doubling every 6.7 years. Using traditional techniques of probe fabrication, continuing to scale up electrode densities is very challenging. We describe a custom CMOS process technolo...Show More
Large-scale neural recording requires more advanced and denser brain interfaces. This paper describes the design and fabrication of the CMOS-based Neuropixels neural probe, which integrates a high-density micro-electrode array and a high channel count to enable large-scale electrophysiology in small animals. Miniaturization and scalability aspects are also discussed here.Show More
Large-scale in vivo electrophysiology requires tools that enable simultaneous recording of multiple brain regions at single-neuron level. This calls for the design of more compact neural probes that offer even larger arrays of addressable sites and high channel counts. With this aim, we present in this paper a quad-shank approach to integrate as many as 5,120 sites on a single probe. Compact fully...Show More
Deep brain stimulation is an established surgical treatment for several neurological and movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, in which electrostimulation is applied to targeted deep nuclei in the basal ganglia through implanted electrode leads. Recent technological improvements in the field have focused on the theoretical advantage of current steering and adaptive (closed-loop) deep br...Show More
Multi-electrode arrays (MEAs) are a candidate technology to screen cardiotoxicity in vitro because they enable noninvasive recording of cardiac beating rate, electrical field potential duration, and other parameters. In this paper, we present an active MEA chip featuring 16 384 electrodes, 1024 simultaneous readout channels, and 64 stimulation units (SUs) to enable six different cell-interfacing m...Show More
We present a high density CMOS neural probe with active electrodes (pixels), consisting of dedicated in-situ circuits for signal source amplification. The complete probe contains 1356 neuron sized (20×20 μm2) pixels densely packed on a 50 μm thick, 100 μm wide and 8 mm long shank. It allows simultaneous high-performance recording from 678 electrodes and a possibility to simultaneously observe all ...Show More
In vivo recording of neural action-potential (AP) and local-field-potential (LFP) signals requires the use of high-resolution penetrating probes. Driven by the need for large-scale recording and minimal tissue damage, a technology roadmap has been defined for next-generation probes aiming to maximize the number of recording sites while minimizing the probe dimensions [1]. In this paper we present ...Show More
The past decade has witnessed an explosive growth in our ability to observe and measure brain activity. Among different functional brain imaging techniques, the electrical measurement of neural activity using neural probes provides highest temporal resolution. Yet, the electrode density and the observability of currently available neural probe technologies fall short of the density of neurons in t...Show More