Random Bitstream Generation Using Voltage-Controlled Magnetic Anisotropy and Spin Orbit Torque Magnetic Tunnel Junctions

Probabilistic computing using random number generators (RNGs) can leverage the inherent stochasticity of nanodevices for system-level benefits. Device candidates for this application need to produce highly random “coinflips” while also having tunable biasing of the coin. The magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) has been studied as an RNG due to its thermally-driven magnetization dynamics, often using spin transfer torque (STT) current amplitude to control the random switching of the MTJ free layer (FL) magnetization, here called the stochastic write method. There are additional knobs to control the MTJ-RNG, including voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy (VCMA) and spin orbit torque (SOT), and there is a need to systematically study and compare these methods. We build an analytical model of the MTJ to characterize using VCMA and SOT to generate random bit streams. The results show that both methods produce high-quality, uniformly distributed bitstreams. Biasing the bitstreams using either STT current or an applied magnetic field shows a sigmoidal distribution versus bias amplitude for both VCMA and SOT, compared to less sigmoidal for stochastic write. The energy consumption per sample is calculated to be 0.1 pJ (SOT), 1 pJ (stochastic write), and 20 pJ (VCMA), revealing the potential energy benefit of using SOT and showing using VCMA may require higher damping materials. The generated bitstreams are then applied to two tasks: generating an arbitrary probability distribution and using the MTJ-RNGs as stochastic neurons to perform simulated annealing, where both VCMA and SOT methods show the ability to effectively minimize the system energy with a small delay and low energy. These results show the flexibility of the MTJ as a true RNG and elucidate design parameters for optimizing the device operation for applications.