A 1-μW/MHz RC Oscillator With Three-Point Trimmed 2.1-ppm/°C and Single-Point Trimmed 8.7-ppm/°C Stability From40 °C to 95 °C

This article presents techniques to improve the frequency stability of
$RC$
oscillators by performing first- and second-order temperature compensation without needing resistors with opposite temperature coefficients (TCs). Using the proposed three-point digital trim, a prototype 100-MHz frequency-locked loop (FLL)-based
$RC$
oscillator fabricated in a 65-nm CMOS process achieves an inaccuracy of ±140 ppm over −40 °C to 95 °C, 83-ppm/V voltage sensitivity, 1.3-ppm Allan deviation floor, and 1-
$\mu \text{W}$
/MHz power efficiency. When only a single-point trim is performed using a multiple linear regression model leveraging the strong correlation between three switched resistors, the frequency inaccuracy is ±587 ppm.