Reconfigurable Power Divider-Enabled Dynamic Hybrid m-MIMO Transmitter

A promising solution for massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (m-MIMO) systems is Hybrid digital-analogue (HDA) beamforming as it offers a balanced trade-off between energy efficiency (EE) and spectral efficiency (SE). The lack of practical demonstrations in the open literature is primarily because those most existing works require a large number of phase shifters (PSs), radio frequency (RF) switches, power dividers (PDs), and power combiners which contribute to high hardware complexity and energy consumption (due to insertion loss). In this paper, we introduce a practical dynamic subarray m-MIMO structure that is based on reconfigurable power dividers (RPDs). The extensive system simulation results, considering hardware imperfection extracted from a practical RPD implementation, indicate that the proposed RPD-based dynamic HDA m-MIMO outperforms the fixed subarray counterpart.