Energy Efficient Resource Allocation for Uplink MC-NOMA Based Heterogeneous Small Cell Networks With Wireless Backhaul

In this paper, we investigate energy efficient resource allocation for uplink multi-carrier non orthogonal multiple access (MC-NOMA) based two-tier heterogeneous networks (HetNets) with wireless backhaul. We have exploited channel diversity by assigning multiple subchannels to various MC-NOMA users (NUs), while allowing multiple NUs to use the same subchannel. We formulate a joint NU clustering, and power and subchannel allocation problem for system's energy efficiency (EE) maximization under the constraints of minimum quality of service (QoS) requirement, maximum allowable transmit power for each NU, and successive interference cancelation. The formulated problem is non-convex with fractional objective function, and therefore, to convert it into a tractable from, it is divided into two subproblems, i.e., subchannel allocation and NU clustering subproblem, and power allocation subproblem. The subchannel allocation and NU clustering subproblem is solved through a suboptimal algorithm, which exploits the channel diversity by maintaining maximum possible difference in transmit power levels of clustered NUs. Whereas for the power allocation subproblem, the EE optimization problem is convexified through Dinkelbach and successive convex approximation techniques and a closed-form suboptimal solution is obtained. The simulation results show that the proposed energy efficient algorithm outperforms the existing NOMA and orthogonal multiple access (OMA) algorithms. The proposed approach also guarantees user fairness by giving priority to the NUs with unfulfilled throughput requirements.