A Monostatic Forward-Looking Staring Spotlight SAR Raw Data Generation and Hybrid-Domain Image Formation Modifications Based on Extended Azimuth Nonlinear Chirp Scaling Autofocusing

Forward-looking staring spotlight synthetic aperture radar (FSS-SAR) offers operational advantages over conventional squinted SAR counterparts. However, due to its complex observation configuration, pixel anomalies occur when processing raw data. For instance, in the forward-looking geometry, symmetrically distributed point scatterers along the flight path have the same Doppler history, resulting in azimuth ambiguities, whereas staring observation narrows and skews the two-dimensional received spectrum, reducing signal orthogonality and causing spectral folding. As a result, not only is the Doppler frequency gradient too small to be precisely measured in the FSS-SAR mode, limiting the ability to achieve high azimuth angular resolution, but it also suffers from azimuth ambiguities when forming an image. To overcome such azimuth-variant characteristics known as inherent resolutional anomalies, a hybrid-domain image formation algorithm (IFA) based on azimuth scaling is modified here. As an approach, radiometric bias correction techniques in conjunction with an extended azimuth nonlinear chirp scaling (ANCS) algorithm capable of equalizing range space variance in the azimuth direction, which benefits from an embedded autofocusing step, have been designed for raw data processing. Given the fact that the platform experiences trajectory deviations under a real-flight condition compared to an ideal trajectory, a preprocessing motion compensation step based on Kalman filtering is included within the IFA. The entire proposed IFA solution tackled the inherent resolutional anomalies of FSS-SAR and succeeded in reconstructing the focused image without azimuthal anomalies. To further assess the IFA, a modified Cartesian back-projection algorithm was developed along with other objective evaluation scenarios, all of which confirm that the proposed hybrid-domain extended ANCS algorithm is valid for the FSS-SAR application.