Optimization of electric vehicle charge scheduling with consideration of battery degradation

In this work, we explore the potential of exploiting the demand-flexibility of electric vehicles (EVs) for flattening the electricity duck curve that emerge as a result of growing solar power production. The focus is on vehicle-to-grid technology in which smart charging allows bidirectional energy flow between EVs and the utility grid. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of V2G technologies on battery degradation. To do that a mathematical model is developed in the form of a mixed integer linear program (MILP). In the MILP the battery degradation is modeled based on charge/discharge cycles using the rising edge method for which appropriate constraints are provided. The proposed method is used to asses the relation between battery degradation and the level of flattening of the duck curve that can be achieved in V2G systems at park and ride facilities. The conducted computational experiments, based on real world data, show that the additional degradation caused by battery discharge in such systems can be substantial and can reach close to 9% of battery degradation in standard V2G systems.