A Load Flow Analysis of the Southern African Power Pool Interconnections using High Voltage AC, High Voltage DC, and Flexible AC Transmission System

Globally, the importance of power interconnections is growing due to the possibility of power exchange, Thus, the effective solution of bulk power transmission over large distances is achievable with High Voltage Alternating Current (HVAC) which has losses along the transmission line. High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) uses converters to transform AC power into DC, resulting in superior active and reactive power compensation and reduced losses. The Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) combines shunt and series convectors for improved voltage control and power stability, and it enables the transmission of large amounts of electricity over long distances with lower losses than a conventional system. This study implements a load flow model between three substations with bulk power coupled by long-distance transmission lines to compare and conclude which technology is best for transferring bulk power over long distances to offer secure and sustainable electricity.