Protocol Solutions for IEEE 802.11bd by Enhancing IEEE 802.11ad to Address Common Technical Challenges Associated With mmWave-Based V2X

A multi-gigabit (WiGig) system is designed based on IEEE 802.11ad standards by exploiting millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands to achieve extremely high data rates. Recently, IEEE 802.11bd and 3GPP NR-V2X technologies adopted new specifications for the next generation vehicle-to-everything (V2X) network with the ability to support mmWave bands. However, mmWave bands could be the solution for the high throughput and low latency. Still, the instability of blockages is a substantial challenge in mmWave bands, rendering mmWave ineffective in vehicular networks. Typically, technologies capable of operating at mmWave bands, such as IEEE 802.11ad, IEEE 802.11bd, NR-V2X, etc., share the same technical challenges due to the unique characteristics of the mmWave band. As a result, to achieve the aspirations of next generation connected mmWave V2X vehicles. This paper proposes novel classic, cooperative, and extension protocols for IEEE 802.11bd by enhancing IEEE 802.11ad. The proposed solution aims to mitigate some of the most common technical challenges associated with using mmWave bands in V2X networks, such as beam training overhead, link blockage, beam misalignment, limited coverage range, and delay. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach effectively reduces the beam training overhead, achieves accurate beam alignment, increases the probability of line-of-sight (LOS), overcomes link blockage/ misalignment, extends the coverage range, and achieves low latency. Further, the proposed enhancement achieves significantly higher performance against the conventional solution and shows more link stability despite continuous changes in the density of the vehicles.