Blockchain-Based Traceability System for Product Recall

In this paper, a blockchain-based framework involving a traceability system for product recall (TSPR) is proposed to develop a traceability system integrated into the product recall system deployed to the Ethereum to ensure the transparency and visibility of the recall process for all stakeholders. The proposed system incorporates all four stakeholders, including supply chain (SC) participants, the food safety regulatory system, the admin, and end customers, into one chain. In the proposed TSPR system, individual components are developed to provide primarily product traceability events, product recall data and status, which are stored in the blockchain to authorized stakeholders. Moreover, the entity relationship and activity diagram of the TSPR system are developed. In the experiment, three smart contracts of the TSPR system are developed using Remix IDE running on an Ethereum test network. A scenario of the events of product traceability and recall in the SC is developed. Two criteria are used to test the validation of contracts: the correct operation and measurement of gas costs. The results show the correctness of three smart contracts, thereby ensuring that the stakeholder chain is provided with visibility and transparency primarily for the product recall process. Moreover, the summation of gas costs deployed in the TSPR system in Ethereum Mainnet for the regulator and manufacturer is
$\$ $
30.23 and
$\$ $
111.54, respectively. However, when using the Polygon Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), the gas cost remains
$\$ $
0.022 and
$\$ $
0.083, respectively; thus, this system for stakeholders may help them to achieve lower costs and increased economic worth.