A Newly Resilient Combination of PIDD2 and PD Controllers to Boost the Frequency Response in a Two-Area Hybrid Power System with Nonlinearities Using Wild Horse Optimizer

This work presents a novel controller, the Proportional Integral Derivative-Second Derivative with a Proportional Derivative (PIDD2-PD), to enhance the frequency responsiveness of a multi-area interconnected power system with many connected generating units. Wild Horse optimizer (WHO), a contemporary metaheuristic optimization technique, is used to optimize the optimal gains of the provided controller. The focus of the investigation is a dual region interconnected hybrid power system with diverse conventional and renewable producing plants. Consideration is given to the physical restrictions of the speed turbines and governors. We analyse the efficacy of the suggested WHO-based PIDD2-PD controller by comparing its performance to that of other controllers described in the scientific literature (cascaded PID-TID, ID-T controller). In this study, many and diverse scenarios are utilized to assess the robustness of the proposed controller against random load disturbances, renewable energy source penetration, and system parameter modification. The findings demonstrate that the recommended controller outperforms alternative structural controllers in terms of settling time, maximum overshoot, and undershoot values for the system’s dynamic response. The outcomes are supplied as MATLAB/SIMULINK time-domain simulations.