B2G (Buggy-to-Grid): Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) concept in microgrids with strong penetration of electric vehicles

This paper aims to evaluate the potential of integrating Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology into a golf course, together with a self-consumption Photovoltaic (PV) system, by using the surplus generated energy to charge the golf buggies and later discharging it according to the course needs. The Dom Pedro Golf Course, located in the south of Portugal, is used as a case study. Its PV system compromises 244 solar panels with 97.6 kWp total, and a predicted annual first-year generation of 176.70 MWh and 9.34 MWh of surplus, that the buggies could discharge through V2G technology. With these integrated technologies, the first year of investment results includes 87% Performance Ratio (PR), 100% of Self-Consumption Ratio (SCR), and 35% Self-Sufficiency Ratio (SSR), while the Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) of the V2G technology alone for the whole considered investment horizon of ten years is 1.79. An economic assessment of the project showed that results followed the same positive trend, with a Net Present Value (NPV) of 50,353.42€, an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 13%, a Payback Period (PP) of seven years, and a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of 0.1315 €/kWh, suggesting a beneficial and feasible result for the investment period.