Optimization of the Deployment of Wireless Sensor Networks Dedicated to Fire Detection in Smart Car Parks using Chaos Whale Optimization Algorithm

Smart Car Parks (SCPs) based on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are one of the most interesting Internet of Things applications. This paper addresses the deployment optimization problem of two-tiered WSNs dedicated to fire monitoring in SCPs. Networks deployed inside the SCP consist of three types of nodes: Sensor Nodes (SNs) which cover the spots within the parking area, Relay Nodes (RNs) which forward alert messages generated by SNs, and the Sink node which is connected to the outside world (e.g, firefighters), through a high bandwidth connection. We propose an algorithm based on chaos theory and Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA), which minimizes simultaneously the deployed number of SNs, RNs, and network diameter while ensuring coverage and connectivity. To evaluate the effectiveness of our proposal, we have conducted extensive tests. The results show that the Chaos WOA (CWOA) outperforms the original WOA in terms of solution quality and computation time and by comparison with an exact method, CWOA provides results very close to the optimal in terms of fitness value and is efficient in terms of computational time when the problem becomes more complex.