The state of the art design methodology of sierpinski carpet fractal structures in microstrip patch antenna

Demand in wireless applications is due to low cost, low weight, compact size, single-band, and multiband frequency characteristics. Researchers anticipate numerous approaches to reach their goal. The patch antenna comprises 3 layers. Patch shapes are in the form of rectangle, triangle, circle, square, etc. Different types of substrates like Rogers, FR-4, RT Duroid, Foam, etc., are used in fractal antenna depending upon the demand of applications. Feeding techniques like coaxial feed, microstrip line feed, proximity feed, aperture feed, etc., can be used based on the requirement of antenna design. As a result, the current distribution of the antenna becomes better in carpet fractal antenna. Patch antennas are operated in GHz and THz frequencies. This paper presents a comprehensive survey on Sierpinski carpet fractal structures, including design expressions and applications.