A Mixed Hierarchical Topology To Ameliorate The Efficiency Of Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

WSNs have a broad spectrum of applications, including military, industrial, security, housing, automobile real-time monitoring, vehicular traffic, and healthcare. Because of sensor nodes in a WSN have limited power, storage, and computational capabilities, various packet forwarding methods have been suggested and tested to prolong the network lifespan as much as possible. The performance of WSNs is effected by the deployment of nodes in the sensed environment area from energy consumption, latency, aggregation methods that used in various routing protocol. In addition the topology that used to build the network such as hierarchical chain-based or cluster-based and election of the node that responsible for aggregation the sensed data and deliver it to the sink node effect on time delivering and the network lifespan. Several different hierarchical routing protocols, such as LEACH, PEGASIS, PDCH, CHIRON, CCBRP, CCM, TSCP, DLRP, DCBRP and others, are discussed in this survey and present a comparison between several chain-based and cluster-based routing protocols