Cluster-Based Routing Protocols for Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs)

Flying Ad-Hoc Network (FANET) is a set of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) inter-connected wirelessly. FANETs self-organize and provide low-cost, adaptable, and simple-to-implement flying nodes, enabling them to complete complicated tasks more quickly and collectively. The high mobility of nodes and the highly dynamic topology pose challenges to communication design, particularly when creating a routing protocol for UAV networks; this has inspired researchers to contribute and develop this technology. Hierarchical routing technique known as clustering is necessary to offer scalability, survivability, and distribute payload among UAVs to maintain the performance. This study has proposed a comprehensive survey of the cluster-based routing protocols (CBRPs) in terms of their strengths, weaknesses, specific applications, method, number of nodes, and future improvements for serving FANETs. Moreover, 21 CBRPs based FANETs were reviewed in terms of their topology, challenges, scalability, characteristics, clustering strategy, outstanding features, cluster head (CH) selection, routing metrics, and performance measures. In addition, open issues that need to be addressed in future studies in the field of routing protocols for UAV networks were also debated.