A Compact Hammer Shaped Printed Antenna With Parasitic Elements For Defense And Mobile Satellite Applications

A hammer-shaped structure is used to matching the impedance in the broadband range, and parasitic elements are also used for better resonance at lower frequencies. The designed antenna exhibits low return loss from 3.4 to 11.4 GHz. The antenna was constructed with an FR4 substrate, and a
$50\Omega$
A-type connector feeds it. The optimum dimensions of the ‘hammer’ antenna are
$13^{\ast}12^{\ast}1.5$
cubic millimeters. The relative bandwidth of the designed antenna is 108%. The designed structure also receives a stable radiation pattern. ‘Hammer-shaped’ structure has a high gain of up to 2.3 dB and antenna efficiency up to 78.3%. The proposed structure is compact, lightweight, and easy to fabricate. The structure is compatible with use in broadband which includes mobile satellite communication (4–6 and 7–9 GHz), defense communication from 8–11 GHz (X-band), WiMAX-5.5 GHz, and WLAN-5.2/5.8GHz applications.