Proactive Rolling-Horizon-Based Scheduling of Hydrogen Systems for Resilient Power Grids

Deploying distributed energy resources and other smart grid technologies have increased the complexity of power grids and made them more vulnerable to natural disasters and cyber-physical-human (CPH) threats. To deal with these extreme events, proactive plans are required by utilities to minimize the damages caused by CPH threats. This article proposes a proactive rolling-horizon-based scheme for resilience-oriented operation of hydrogen (H2) systems in integrated distribution and transmission networks. The proposed framework is a bilevel model in which the upper level is focused on distribution system operation in both normal and emergency operation modes, and the lower level problem accounts for the transmission network operation. Two preeminent aspects of H2 systems are considered in this article. First, to show the flexibility of H2 systems, capacity-based demand response signals are considered for electrolyzers, stationary fuel cell (FC) units, and H2 storage tanks are considered in both normal and emergency operation modes. Second, unlike the batteries that can only charge and discharge energy based on maximum duration times and power ratings, H2 systems can be considered as the flexible long-term energy storage by storing H2 for days and supplying power to FC in the case of N-m outages lasting for more than 10 h. Moreover, the H2 production cost based on water electrolysis and storage costs is calculated. Simulation results demonstrate that utilities can improve the system-level resilience using H2 systems as long-term backup power resources.