Development of a Fiber Bragg Grating-Based Force Sensor for Minimally Invasive Surgery–Case Study of Ex-Vivo Tissue Palpation

In this study, a 1-D distal force sensor design is proposed for minimally invasive surgery (MIS) based on the fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensing principle. The sensor is made with a miniaturized force-sensitive flexure within which an optical fiber is embedded. The former includes a spiral elastomer utilized for high axial force sensitivity, while the fiber includes dual FBGs that are tightly suspended around the distal parts of the flexure and along elastomer’s centerline, respectively. The theoretical model of the flexure was derived based on its components and a design approach for decoupling strain and temperature cross effects during sensor usage. In addition, design parameters of the flexure were analyzed on physics-based model optimization using a fmincon function, while the static and dynamic properties were analyzed in-silico using the finite-element method. Further experiments were also carried out to analyze the sensor’s performance, and the data obtained was used for calibration study. The latter was done by training a feed-forward neural network designed for predicting the force versus wavelength-shift relationship. The experimental results show the designed force sensor can sense force values in a range of 1 N with an average relative error less than 2% of full scale. Ex-vivo tissue palpation study was also done on a pig liver to verify the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed sensor.