Recent Advances in Trustworthy Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Status, Challenges, and Perspectives

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have come a long way from the earlier days of conceptual theories, to being an integral part of today’s technological society. Rapid growth of AI/ML and their penetration within a plethora of civilian and military applications, while successful, has also opened new challenges and obstacles. With almost no human involvement required for some of the new decision-making AI/ML systems, there is now a pressing need to gain better insights into how these decisions are made. This has given rise to a new field of AI research, explainable AI (XAI). In this article, we present a survey of XAI characteristics and properties. We provide an indepth review of XAI themes, and describe the different methods for designing and developing XAI systems, both during and post model-development. We include a detailed taxonomy of XAI goals, methods, and evaluation, and sketch the major milestones in XAI research. An overview of XAI for security and cybersecurity of XAI systems is also provided. Open challenges are delineated, and measures for evaluating XAI system robustness are described.