Minimal Coordination of Dynamic Reserves for Flexible Operations at Value: The Case of Azores Islands

In this paper we revisit the need for reserve requirements for the changing industry. We propose that the implementation of efficient, reliable and resilient electricity services from clean resources requires evolving today's NERC reliability standards into protocols for interactive dynamic real and reactive power reserve provision and their minimal coordination. Both technical protocols and distributed interactive performance-based regulation are founded on physically-sound principles for provable performance at value. Without loss of generality an illustration of the proposed approach is described using real data for power systems in the Azores Islands, Portugal.