Modeling the basic behaviors of Anesthesia Training in Relation to Puncture and Penetration Feedback

Failure rates in spinal anesthesia are generally low in experienced hands. However, studies report a failure rate variation of 1% to 17% in this procedure. The aim of this study is to bring the main characteristics of in vivo procedure to the virtual reality simulated environment. The first step is to model the behavior of tissue layers being punctured by a needle to then make its inclusion in medical training possible. The simulation proposed here is implemented using a Phantom Omni haptic device. Every crucial sensation of the method mentioned here was assessed by a dozen volunteers who participated in two experiments designed to validate the modeled response. Each user answered six questions (three for each experiment). Good results were achieved in certain essential aspects of the process, such as identifying the number of layers, the most rigid layer to puncture, and the most resistant layers to pass through. These results indicated that it is possible to represent many typical behaviors through virtual needle insertion in spinal anesthesia with the correct use of haptic properties.Clinical relevance— The idea is to create a spinal anesthesia simulator that could work as a complementary step in training new anesthetists. The use of a simulator avoids introducing the first puncture haptic sensation directly in patients