Data Collection Routing Techniques in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

With the technological advancements, development of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN s) has engrossed many researchers from both academia and industry for monitoring the vast unexplored underwater domain which is almost 70% of the earth. The networks of sensor that works under the water have the potential to unexplored or uncover the applications to enhance the ability to predict the ocean behaviour. It is assessed that ninety-five percent of its oceans are still remnants uncultivated and unobserved by human eyes. The transmission of information rather than wireless information is among one of the emerging or prominent technologies for the development of an underwater sensor network that works as an ocean observation system. The sensed data from different monitoring applications is used in large applications. In this survey, we discuss several fundamental key aspects of underwater wireless sensor network communications. The objective of this paper is to encourage research efforts to lay down a fundamental basis for the development of new advanced communication techniques for efficient underwater communication. In addition, we survey current state-of-the-art research in data collection techniques used in UWSN. We present an in-depth discussion of the wireless networks and their different types, moving towards UWSN architecture, data collection for effective communication, applications, challenges, applications advantages, and disadvantages with the performance comparison of various existing data collection techniques. This manuscript will facilitate the readers to a better understanding of routing protocols for data collection in UWSN s with the basic concept of underwater networks.