Rhythm of Transit Stations - Uncovering the Activity-Travel Dynamics of Transit-Oriented Development in the U.S.

Existing transit-oriented-development (TOD) classification studies primarily focus on the static characteristics around transit stations to measure the built environment’s density, diversity, and design. As a community development model, time-variant variables, dynamic human activities throughout different times of the day and week matter in further unpacking the characteristics of TODs. Given that this aspect has been under-discussed in most previous TOD literature, this research provides an activity-based framework to classify commuter transit station areas by considering the degree of local vibrancy - the temporal visiting pattern of all points of interest (POIs) that fall within the station areas. We apply a two-step semi-unsupervised clustering algorithm to classify 4,290 station areas from 54 metropolitan areas across the U.S. This method produces 13 distinct station area types. Next, we further examine the connection between station area types and neighborhood travel behavior. A cross-sectional comparison reveals that stations with consistent active morning activities are associated with a higher ratio of commuting by walking and biking and lower automobile usage measured in vehicle miles traveled (VMT). Using stations opened after 2009, we show that active weekend activity patterns are associated with a more significant increase in commuting by public transit.