Transition to EVs: A Case Study in Scotland

The research presented in this paper was conducted to evaluate how a transition towards EVs can be achieved given the limitations of an LV distribution network. This paper analyses the implementation of local EV charging stations and how they can utilise renewable sources to provide a clean source of energy for a clean mode of transport. Results showed that the implementation of Solar PV and BESS can reduce usage from the grid by over 30% and facilitate a reduction of 4,170 kg/yr of CO2 emissions related to EV charging. As demand for EVs increases, the LV distribution network will be subject to increased amounts of electrical stress and will have an influence on the stability of distribution transformers. Simulations show that a sharp increase in EVs connected to the grid under a domestic charging regime will result in unstable spikes in demand which will overload the distribution transformer. To help meet the demand of EVs this paper simulates multiple charging strategies that will help control load demand and optimise EV penetration levels in line with distribution network capacities. The studies are based on residential areas in a large city (Glasgow) in Scotland. Findings showed that, in the area investigated, an integration of 1 EV per household was possible under ideal circumstances.