A 178.9-dB FoM 128-dB SFDR VCO-Based AFE for ExG Readouts With a Calibration-Free Differential Pulse Code Modulation Technique

This article presents a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)-based analog front end (AFE) for ExG readout applications with both a wide dynamic range (DR) and high linearity. By using a differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) technique, VCO non-linearity is mitigated by operating the VCO in the small-signal linear regime. To minimize power consumption from the power-hungry gain error calibration, the effect of VCO gain variation within the DPCM loop is investigated, leading to a calibration-free DPCM via a
$\Delta \Sigma $
truncator. At the circuit level, a coarse–fine phase decoding scheme is proposed to increase signal-to-quantization-noise ratio (SQNR) while avoiding metastability issues. Fabricated in 65 nm, the AFE occupies an area of 0.056 mm
²
. It achieves 94.2-dB SNDR and 95.1-dB DR in 500 Hz of bandwidth while dissipating 1.68-
$\mu \text{W}$
power from a single 0.8-V supply, yielding a Schreier FoM of 178.9 dB. Importantly, the techniques enable a virtually distortion-less spectrum with a noise-floor limited spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) of 128 dB. In addition, the AFE is validated with ECG and EOG recording, demonstrating complete signal capturing in the presence of motion/stimulation artifacts.