Bicontrollable metasurface absorber with nine-pixel meta-atoms

As the optical characteristics of several materials such as vanadium oxide (VO
2
) and lithium niobate (LiNbO
3
) exhibit electrostatic and/or thermal dependences, these materials can be exploited in the design of multicontrollable optical devices. We simulated the visible/near-infrared spectrums of the specular reflectances and absorptances of a bicontrollable metasurface absorber with pixelated meta-atoms. Each meta-atom is a 3 × 3 array of pixels, some patched with VO
2
, some with LiNbO
3
, some with copper, and the remaining unpatched. The VO
2
pixels provide thermal control, the LiNbO
3
pixels electrostatic control.