Surface Electric Field Variations Due to Different Human Postures for Wireless Endoscopy Applications

Radio signal strength indicator (RSSI)-based localization methods for wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) application require a patient to wear on-body sensors detecting the RF signals from the capsule. The main advantage of WCE is to allow the patient to live normally and to move freely during the natural transit time, which could take up to 73 hours. Changes in posture can be accompanied by the movement of soft tissues in the abdominal region. This will affect the propagation path length between on-body receiving sensors and the ingested wireless capsule, and consequently the received signal strength (RSS). This article explores potential variations in RSSI measurements created by postural change. Retroreflective markers placed in direct contact with the skin of a participant were used to represent appropriate locations of the on-body slot antennas, which could be used for WCE localization. Optical motion capture technology was used to determine an estimate of the location of the markers and corresponding skin position for different postures. The relative displacement of the markers from their initial location (the standing posture) was a maximum of 24 mm for the lying posture (supine position) for the participant with a BMI of 29 kg/m
²
. The maximum variation of the surface electric field of 13.77 dB was calculated using the attenuation path loss (PL) model for the human abdominal region propagation environment at 2.45 GHz. If not anticipated, posture-induced variations in RSSI can produce misleading interpretations and will require adjustments of WCE localization algorithms.