Cooperative Planning of Distributed Renewable Energy Assisted 5G Base Station With Battery Swapping System

The surging electricity consumption and energy cost have become a primary concern in the planning of the upcoming 5G systems. The integration of distributed renewable energy sources (RESs), such as solar and wind, is considered to be a viable solution for cutting energy bills and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of 5G base stations (BSs). Meanwhile, battery swapping (BSW) service for electric two-wheelers (E2Ws) is a burgeoning method to address the issue of E2Ws refueling in urban areas. The authors spotted potentials in the integration and cooperation of 5G BSs, distributed RES generations, and BSW systems for E2Ws. This paper proposes a simulation-based optimization framework for cooperative planning of the integrated system of 5G BS, RES generations, and BSW systems. A multi-paradigm simulation model is presented to mimic all the heterogeneous components contained in the integrated system, as well as their complex interconnections, and to take the involved uncertainties and distributive characteristics into account. Then an optimization model is developed based on the presented simulation model under different scenarios, to minimize the comprehensive annualized expense, with consideration of all the operation and planning constraints of the integrated system. Finally, the proposed simulation-based optimization framework is applied to practical cases under different scenarios. Numerical results and comparison analysis reveal how the integration of RES generations and BSW systems benefit 5G BS in expense cutting and RES accommodating.