Provision of Primary Frequency Response as Ancillary Service From Active Distribution Networks to the Transmission System

This paper deals with the provision of primary frequency response (PFR) as ancillary service (AS) from active distribution networks (ADNs) to the transmission system (TS). In particular, two methodologies are developed. The first one aims to quantify the PFR capability range of the ADN. This range is defined by determining the range of the aggregated, i.e., equivalent, active power - frequency
$P(f)$
droop curves that can be provided at the point of interconnection (POI) with the TS. The second one targets to optimally control
$P(f)$
droop curves of individual distributed energy resources (DERs), installed in the premises of the ADN, to guarantee specific frequency regulation characteristic at the POI. This frequency regulation characteristic is expressed by means of a
$P(f)$
droop curve. Both methods are tested on two discrete distribution systems. Several test cases are examined to demonstrate their implementation. Additionally, comparisons against conventional approaches and time series simulations are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods.