PORA: Piggybacking-based Opportunistic Routing for Asynchronous Duty-Cycled WSNs

Piggybacking mechanism is one of the promising techniques to reduce the communication overhead. In this paper, a piggybacking based opportunistic routing protocol is proposed for asynchronous duty-cycled wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to improve the performance of the network, which models the network as a directed graph and consists of three parts. Firstly, each edge in the network is assigned a weight obtained based on the metric which is defined by the two distributions, R-value Distribution and H-value Distribution. Secondly, a set of prioritized forwarders from a source node to the sink is found using Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm. Finally, one of the forwarders is selected as the final relay node after forwarders coordination. Through extensive simulations, it is confirmed that PORA achieves better performance compared to its counterpart in terms of energy consumption, overhead packets, packet delivery ratio, and network lifetime.