A Two-Stage Scheme for Both Power Allocation and EV Charging Coordination in a Grid-Tied PV–Battery Charging Station

Charging station that incorporates renewable energy resource and energy storage is a promising solution to meet the growing charging demand of electric vehicles (EVs) without the need to expand the distribution network. The aggregation of multiple energy resources and EVs requires an efficient and flexible energy management strategy. This article presents a two-stage scheme to solve the power allocation and charging coordination of plugged-in EVs. Game-theory-based control is utilized to address the interaction among different components for respecting their individual preferences. The first stage determines the power allocation of photovoltaic, battery, and the grid as well as total charging power for EVs. In the second stage, charging power dispatch among individual EVs is coordinated based on the available total charging power determined in the first stage. As a result, the two energy management problems of charging station are addressed sequentially. The proposed solution is validated via simulation and experiment, and the comparisons with benchmarks show its advantages.