Optimization of Battery Electric Bus Charging under Varying Operating Conditions

Battery electric buses (BEB) are being recognized as a promising solution to replace diesel bus fleets. However, this technology is still subject to many challenges, namely the limited driving range and high total cost of ownership. Besides, BEB energy costs are subject to high fluctuations depending on the electricity generation mix and local electricity tariffs. This paper proposes an optimization algorithm based on Dynamic Programming that minimizes the total BEB energy costs and battery replacement costs by optimally controlling the BEB daily charging power throughout the year, considering the varying operating conditions. The algorithm is illustrated in the case of bus number 21 in Paris.