HF Radar Cross-Section of Ocean Surfaces With Arbitrary Wave Heights

The high-frequency radar cross-section (RCS) for ocean surfaces with arbitrary wave heights is presented. By removing the height restriction of the ocean surface, a new form of the first-order electric field is obtained, which in turn is used to derive the RCS at arbitrary wave heights. A new correction term for the first-order is derived, with previously-derived first-and second- order RCSs being preserved. Through simulation it is shown that the new term impacts small Doppler frequencies of the total RCS at high sea states. The present work can contribute to improving target detection and wave direction estimation at high sea states.