Future Operational Regimes of Bulk Power Generation in The Era of Global Energy Transition: Grid Codes, Challenges and Open Issues

This paper explores the effects of the ongoing energy transition on the classical bulk power generation. The rapid increase in renewable penetration changes the role of grid-connected generators significantly. Large machines have been historically operated in a continuous load condition (S1) and designed based on old grid codes. In the future, flexible operational schemes and intermittent load cycling will be required. This may cause the generation system to operate far from the nominal operating condition it was designed. In parallel, new harmonized grid guidelines are being introduced. As a result of the ongoing changes, new design issues are introduced to cope with these requirements. An in-depth case study is presented. Finally, this contribution offers a view on future perspectives and open issues.