Beaconless Geographical Routing Protocol for a Heterogeneous MSN

Traditional beaconless geographical routing (BGR) protocols perform poorly in a heterogeneous environment due to the consideration of location solely with an assumption of homogeneous transmission. Therefore, we propose a novel BGR with consideration of the locations of candidate forwarders and different transmission ranges. Our proposed protocol, namely, the heterogeneity-aware BGR (HA-BGR), is designed for a heterogeneous mobile sensor network (MSN), where the transmission ranges of mobile sensors are different. In HA-BGR, a node takes its distance, transmission range, and progress to the destination into consideration before setting itself to be a candidate next hop and remains active. Examined by analytical and extensive simulation results, HA-BGR not only needs fewer next-hop candidates but also achieves better performance in the end-to-end delivery ratio and latency as compared to the recently proposed convex-lense decision region BGR (CDR-BGR).