Electronic Noses for Diabetes Mellitus Detection: A Review

New Electronic nose (e-nose) is an instrument which can be used to detect any disease based on blood, secret, feces, breath, and urine aroma. E-nose is developed by the scientists in the world with to conduct early detection of diabetes mellitus (DM). E-nose is an instrument consisting of hardware and software enriched with devices and recognition algorithms that contains a pattern recognition algorithm (PARC-Pattern Recognition). In addition, e -nose instruments can produce diagnose in real-time, sensitive to aroma changes and portable. Various types of e-nose instruments based on various technologies and operational mechanisms are available for early detection of diabetes mellitus. Some commonly used e-nose technologies are the use of polymer (CP) sensors, metal-oxide semiconductors (MOS), and nano-particles. E-nose devices are useful to design portable and mobile technologies as remote monitoring tools for patients who need intensive insulin control. This article is a review of the new e-nose system and algorithm, developed over the past decade, which has potential applications for early detection of diabetes mellitus. Moreover, this article discusses a review of e-noses development for early detection of diabetes, ranging from the use of sensor types, comparison of the number of sensors, using the particular characterization method, the feature matrix, the feature extraction method, and the pattern recognition method.