Blockchain strategies and policies for sustainable electric mobility into Smart City

Electric vehicles (EVs) are spreading more and more in Europe, thanks to CO2 standards, which require car manufacturers to reach an average sales share of 5% EV in 2020 and up to 10% in 2021 and close to 20% in 2025. To allow these new diffusion scenarios of electric vehicles, adjustments to the electricity grid are needed, including an increase in charging points and financing mechanisms. The spread of electric vehicles will contribute to urban sustainability, thanks to the delocalization of air pollution, the reduction of noise pollution, the implementation of the use of renewable sources in widespread generation. However, uncontrolled recharging could increase the peak load in the smart grid, which therefore requires distribution-level controls and correct planning for the recharging stations is needed in order to power the EVs avoiding network congestion. In fact, if electric vehicles are charged at the same time in an uncontrolled way, this would lead to an increase in energy demand, with the possible peak increase on the network, contributing to the overload and the need for updates at the distribution level, if not the need to adapt the generation capacity, with modified cost profiles. This opens new models for charging, business and regulatory systems, for managing the fleet of electric vehicles. This paper aims to analyze the new scenarios for Smart Cities that will be outlined from the point of view of tariff and regulatory systems.