Optimal Photovoltaic System Expansion Based on Electric Vehicle Charging Station in Smart Grid

Nowadays, electric vehicles (EV) can help reduce air pollution, while EVs are a prime energy consumer in the smart grid. With the rapid development of renewable energy generation, photovoltaic (PV) power system installed on EV charging station can cut EV charging cost with a lower operation price, compared to purchase electricity from the power grid during the daytime. To achieve this goal, an optimal PV station placement with EV charging station is of concern. In this paper, the charging cost functions for both charging station owner and EV driver are described by a bilevel programming model. The objective function minimizes not only the EV charging station operation cost but also the EV charging cost for the driver. The simulation shows the expanded PV station can reduce the overall cost by shaving loads during the daytime.